Washing dishes with the two-basin hand-washing method is associated with fewer greenhouse gas emissions than machine dishwashing, according to a new study.
In the two-basin method, you soak and scrub dishes in hot water then rinse them in cold water.
The researchers also find that:
- Avoiding pre-rinsing and deselecting the “heated dry” setting can significantly reduce the greenhouse gas emissions associated with machine dishwashers.
- The common “running tap” method of manual dishwashing uses more energy and more water than any other dishwashing method tested.
- If by-hand dishwashers switched from the running tap to the two-basin method, they could reduce associated greenhouse gas emissions by about two-thirds.
“This is the first comprehensive life cycle assessment of manual washing and machine washing, and it provides useful guidance to households on how to improve environmental performance of both methods,” says senior author Greg Keoleian, director of the Center for Sustainable Systems at the University of Michigan’s School for Environment and Sustainability.
Dishwashing head-to-head
The study builds on a SEAS master’s thesis by lead author Gabriela Porras. Researchers collected data at Whirlpool’s dishwasher manufacturing plant in Findlay, Ohio. They also conducted a small-scale laboratory study at the company’s headquarters in Benton Harbor, Michigan.
Several previous studies have concluded that consumers can save time, energy, and water by using a machine dishwasher instead of washing by hand. But many of those studies failed to account for real-world behavior—such as pre-rinsing and varying the cycle selection—by those who rely on machine dishwashers.
The common “running tap” method of manual dishwashing used more energy and water than any other method tested.
And while the earlier studies compared the in-the-kitchen environmental impacts of manual versus machine dishwashing, most of them did not consider lifetime, cradle-to-grave environmental costs, including the manufacture and disposal of dishwashers.
The new study took a comprehensive look at the environmental burdens of manual and machine dishwashing, including greenhouse gas emissions, water and energy consumption, solid waste production, and cost. The study also compared recommended best practices for hand and machine washing with typical behaviors observed during the Benton Harbor lab study.
When people followed typical manual and machine practices, machine dishwashers were associated with less than half the greenhouse gas emissions and used less than half the water. Most of the emissions are tied to the energy used to heat the water.
The common “running tap” method of manual dishwashing, which involves washing and rinsing dishes beneath a steady stream of hot water, used more energy and water than any other method tested.
The outcome changed dramatically when the less-common two-basin method of manual dishwashing was used. Under that scenario, manual dishwashing produced lower greenhouse gas emissions than any other alternative examined in the study—18% lower than machine washing using recommended best practices.
3 things not to do when using a machine dishwasher
Not ready to give up the time-saving convenience of a machine dishwasher? The new study offers several tips to reduce the environmental impact of your appliance, including three key “don’ts”:
- Don’t pre-rinse before loading dishes into the dishwasher;
- don’t select the “heat dry” setting;
- and don’t choose the “heavy” cycle over a normal wash, except for tougher loads.
In the observational study, researchers had 38 Whirlpool employees load a dishwasher as they typically would at home, to manually wash dishes as they would at home, and to answer survey questions related to their dishwashing behaviors. The testing room was designed to replicate a common kitchen sink area in an average household.
The study assumed that natural gas heated the water. Lifetime greenhouse gas emissions increase significantly with an electric water heater.
The study appears in the journal Environmental Research Communications.
Additional researchers from Whirpool Corp. and the University of Michigan contributed to the study. Support for the work came from Whirlpool and the university’s Rackham Graduate School, School for Environment and Sustainability, and Center for Sustainable Systems.
